Souei et al., “Artificial intelligence in deep brain stimulation for movement disorders: a systematic review and technology readiness assessment”
Researchers reviewed 239 peer-reviewed studies on AI-supported deep-brain stimulation and found a pronounced gap between reported algorithmic performance and clinical readiness. External validation remained rare, evaluations were predominantly retrospective and single-centre, and more than one-quarter of studies used small, high-dimensional datasets with elevated overfitting risk; most systems therefore remained at early-to-intermediate technology-readiness levels.

